{"id":5681,"date":"2021-10-28T06:50:54","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T06:50:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microcontrol.net\/service\/basics\/"},"modified":"2024-02-27T09:17:12","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T09:17:12","slug":"basics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.microcontrol.net\/en\/service\/basics\/","title":{"rendered":"Basics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.3&#8243; background_color_gradient_direction=&#8221;176deg&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.microcontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicoControl_Grundlagen-1.jpg&#8221; width=&#8221;90%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;off|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|0px||10vw|false|false&#8221; 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header_2_font_size=&#8221;36px&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; header_font_size_tablet=&#8221;48px&#8221; header_font_size_phone=&#8221;28px&#8221; header_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Basics<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;2&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#f7f7f7&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||60px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.microcontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicoControl_Grundlagen_CAN-1.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Logo CAN&#8221; title_text=&#8221;MicoControl basics CAN&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.3&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px||30px|30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|30px|0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;20px|20px|0px|20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px|30px|||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;0px||30px|30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px|20px|20px|20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|600|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||14px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;6px|10px|6px|10px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;10px|||30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;10px|||20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>CAN bus<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|300|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#565655&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;17px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||14px|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|30px|10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|30px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>CAN specifications of Bosch &#8211; inventor of the CAN bus technology &#8211; form the basis of all CAN implementations and comprise both 2.0A (standard frames) and 2.0B (extended frames) standards.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjQwODUifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;More information&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; module_class=&#8221;lem_fixed_buttons&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; button_bg_color=&#8221;RGBA(0,0,0,0)&#8221; button_border_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; button_border_radius=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_use_icon=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; button_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_text_color__hover=&#8221;#565655&#8243; button_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; 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custom_padding_phone=&#8221;10px|||20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>CAN FD<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|300|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#565655&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;17px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||14px|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|30px|10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|30px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>CAN FD (CAN Flexible Data Rate) is an expasion of the &#8220;classical&#8221; CAN bus (Classical CAN) and is defined by the standard ISO 11898-1:2015.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjQxMTAifX0=@&#8221; 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background_color=&#8221;#f7f7f7&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||60px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.microcontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicoControl_Grundlagen_CANopen.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Logo CANopen&#8221; title_text=&#8221;MicoControl basics CANopen&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.3&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px||30px|30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|30px|0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;20px|20px|0px|20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px|30px|||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;0px||30px|30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px|20px|20px|20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|600|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||14px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;6px|10px|6px|10px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;10px|||30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;10px|||20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>CANopen<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|300|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#565655&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;17px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||14px|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|30px|10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|30px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>CANopen has been developed by the members of the international user and producer assosiation CAN in Automation (CiA). The CANopen application layer defines different communication services and protocols (e.g. process and service data) as well as a network management.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjQwOTIifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;More information&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; module_class=&#8221;lem_fixed_buttons&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; button_bg_color=&#8221;RGBA(0,0,0,0)&#8221; button_border_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; button_border_radius=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_use_icon=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; button_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_text_color__hover=&#8221;#565655&#8243; button_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_border_color__hover=&#8221;#565655&#8243;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;2&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#f7f7f7&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||60px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.microcontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/MicoControl_Grundlagen_Linux.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Logo Linux penguin&#8221; title_text=&#8221;MicoControl basics Linux&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.3&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px||30px|30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|30px|0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;20px|20px|0px|20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px|30px|||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;0px||30px|30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px|20px|20px|20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|600|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||14px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;6px|10px|6px|10px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;10px|||30px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;10px|||20px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Linux<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|300|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#565655&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;17px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||14px|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|30px|10px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|30px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>Linux is an open operating system. The term &#8216;Linux&#8217; actually refers to the Kernel of a unix-related operating systemes (derivative). Linux is freely available, i.e. the sources are open and the systems may easily be adapted to the individual application.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjQxMDQifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;More information&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; module_class=&#8221;lem_fixed_buttons&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; button_bg_color=&#8221;RGBA(0,0,0,0)&#8221; button_border_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; button_border_radius=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_use_icon=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; button_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_text_color__hover=&#8221;#565655&#8243; button_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_border_color__hover=&#8221;#565655&#8243;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;48px||48px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(0,0,0,0)&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;|600|||||||&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||0px|10px|false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>You would like to get more information?<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_5,3_5&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(0,0,0,0)&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|1px|0px||false|false&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;RGBA(0,0,0,0)&#8221; 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_builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.08)&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;2px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_cta title=&#8221;+49 2241 \u2013 25 65 9 \u2013 0&#8243; button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIxNzkifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Message&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.0&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; header_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#3a3a3a&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; body_line_height=&#8221;1.6em&#8221; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(0,0,0,0)&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#ef7c00&#8243; button_bg_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; button_border_width=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_border_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; button_border_radius=&#8221;6px&#8221; button_letter_spacing=&#8221;1px&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; button_custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px||30px||false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; border_color_top=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>Just write a message or give us a call.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"et_pb_module lwp_divi_breadcrumbs lwp_divi_breadcrumbs_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module_inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"lwp-breadcrumbs\"> <span class=\"before\"><\/span> <span vocab=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/\" typeof=\"BreadcrumbList\"><span property=\"itemListElement\" typeof=\"ListItem\"><a property=\"item\" typeof=\"WebPage\" href=\"https:\/\/www.microcontrol.net\/en\/\" class=\"home\"><span property=\"name\">Home<\/span><\/a><meta property=\"position\" content=\"1\"><\/span> <span class=\"separator et-pb-icon\">&#x39;<\/span> <\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>BasicsCAN busCAN specifications of Bosch &#8211; inventor of the CAN bus technology &#8211; form the basis of all CAN implementations and comprise both 2.0A (standard frames) and 2.0B (extended frames) standards.CAN FDCAN FD (CAN Flexible Data Rate) is an expasion of the &#8220;classical&#8221; CAN bus (Classical CAN) and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5667,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5681","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Basics - MicroControl<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bosch&#039;s CAN specification forms the basis of all CAN implementations. 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